19th century





As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th Century was that
century which lasted from 1801-1900.

Events

   * The Little Ice Age ended.
   * Napoleon , conquers much of Europe, is ultimately defeated 1815 ; some
     old European regimes are restored, others not.
   * Industrial Revolution continues and spreads, developments include the
     Rail Transport, telegraph, and telephone.
   * Discovery of the relationships between magnetism and electricity and
     light by Hans Christian ¯rsted and James Clerk Maxwell.
     (See:electromagnetism)
   * Mass migration from Europe to the United States.
   * During the reign of Queen Victoria, the United Kingdom experiences the
     Victorian Age, which is the age in which the United Kingdom is the
     leading economic power in the world.
   * Political revolution and constitutional reform across Europe severely
     limits powers of monarchs, advances democracy.
   * The religious revival of the Second Great Awakening in the eastern
     United States and Canada gives rise to unique, American, Christian
     religions during the era of Restorationism
   * Gold discovered in Australia and throughout the west of the United
     States, leading to huge increases in national wealth and encouraging
     mass migration of free settlers there.
   * Slavery ended in British colonies and in America. See American Civil
     War. End of global slave trade enforced by British navy.
   * Charles Darwin revolutionizes biology with his theories of evolution,
     1858.
   * Europeans conquer and colonize large parts of Africa and Asia.
   * Karl Marx writes the Communist Manifesto, encouraging workers to revolt
     against owners.
   * Meiji Restoration in 1868 opens Japan to modern influences and returns
     the emperor to power.
   * Germany and Italy are formed as nations.
   * Railroads make fast mass transit available to many. First
     Transcontinental Railroad finished in 1869 linking east to west in the
     United States.
   * The electric telegraph and undersea cables make instant global
     communication possible for the first time.
   * Postage Stamps introduced in Great Britain and soon thereafter, in many
     other countries.
   * Manufactured goods become widely available by mail order

Significant people

   * Ludwig van Beethoven, composer
   * Otto von Bismarck, German politician
   * Napoleon Bonaparte, French emperor
   * Samuel Taylor Coleridge, poet, critic, thinker
   * Charles Darwin, biologist
   * Charles Dickens, author
   * Benjamin Disraeli, novelist and politician
   * Thomas Alva Edison, inventor
   * Gottlob Frege, mathematician, logician and philosopher, father of
     modern mathematical logic and analytic philosophy
   * Antonio de La Gandara, painter, pastelist and draughtsman
   * Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, author, thinker
   * Victor Hugo, author
   * Abraham Lincoln, American president
   * Karl Marx, political philosopher and economist
   * William Morris, social reformer, one of the first people to detect and
     warn of the drawbacks of standardisation, the profit motive and the
     division of producer/consumer interests
   * Friedrich Nietzsche, philosopher
   * Louis Pasteur, biologist
   * Edgar Allan Poe , author
   * Joseph Smith, Jr., religious leader, founder of Mormonism
   * Dr. John Snow, the founder of epidemiology
   * Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens), author
   * Brigham Young, religious leader, led the migration of the Mormon
     pioneers from Nauvoo, Illinois to Salt Lake City, Utah

Inventions, Discoveries, Introductions

   * Automobile
   * Electric light
   * Motion pictures
   * Phonograph
   * Photography
   * Repetition rifle
   * Railroad Locomotive
   * Steamship
   * Telegraph
   * Telephone