Battle of the Bulge


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The Ardennes Offensive, popularly known as the Battle of the Bulge, was the
last major German offensive on the Western Front in World War II.
Unsuccessful in its goals, it nevertheless tied down huge Allied resources
and a slow response to the resulting gap in their lines erased months from
their timetable.

Background

After the failure of Operation Market Garden, the Canadian 1st Army was
finally supplied and moved forward, clearing the Westerschelde and opening
Antwerp to shipping. This stabilized the lines once again, this time some
125km to the north of where they had been in early September, and the
terrible supply problems the Allies had been having started to ease.

At about this time the massive Soviet summer 1944 offensive burnt itself out
in eastern Poland, and the war paused. Taking advantage of this, Hitler
called for ideas to re-open the front in the west. Several ideas were
submitted, two rising to the top.

One called for a pincer attack on the US 1st Army under Hodges, which was
overextended and would be easy to surround. An entire army would be cut off
in territory that would be fairly easy to defend from counterattack. However
this plan would do little to address the overall situation. While removing
1/4 of the Allied fighting force would certainly have an effect, the
remaining 3/4s would be more than enough to win the war alone.

Beginning on December 16, 1944, the German forces attacked through the
Ardennes Forest in Belgium. The German Wacht am Rhein (Watch on the Rhine)
plan for the "Von Rundstedt Offensive" was to split the Allied advance and
then cut nortwards to seize Antwerp. The territory was heavily forested and
mountainous, there appeared little chance of an armoured assault in this
sector. The battle started in very poor weather; this grounded Allied
aircraft and greatly aided the German advance.

The first few days were vital, and although many American troops were
over-run or surrendered, unexpectedly strong resistance in certain areas
greatly slowed the German advance.

On December 21 the German forces had completely surrounded Bastogne,
defended by the 101st Airborne Division. When General Anthony McAuliffe was
awakened by a German invitation to surrender, he gave a one-syllable reply
that has been variously reported and was probably unprintable. However,
there is no disagreement as to what he wrote on the paper delivered to the
Germans: "NUTS!" That reply had to be explained both to the Germans and to
non-American Allies.

By December 24 the German advance was effectively stalled short of the Meuse
River, they had outrun their supply lines, and shortages of fuel and
ammunition were becoming critical. Improving weather brought the massive
Allied air superiority back into play. The Germans retreated from Bastogne
on January 13.

The battle officially ended on January 27, 1945.

The Americans lost 75,522 men (killed, wounded, missing or captured), the
British lost 1,408 and the Germans lost 67,675 men.

The German losses were critical in reducing the length of the war, vital and
irreplaceable men and equipment had been wasted in a few weeks.